ABOUT THIS INDEX Funding for the Svoboda Index Project has been provided by generous grants from the Ukrainian National Association, publishers of Svoboda. HOW TO USE THE INDEX Each article is listed under one or more headings. There are four types of headings: subject headings, geographical headings, personal names, and titles. All headings are listed alphabetically; within each heading, entries for individual articles are listed chronologically.
Each subject heading is followed by cross-references, sub-headings (also listed alphabetically), and entries for individual articles, for example: UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION/UKRAINSKYI NARODNYI SOIUZ SEE ALSO Calendars/Almanacs "Vidozva" ("Announcement") by Rev. Nestor Dmytriv. *Note that each entry contains the following: Abbreviations for months used in citations:
Geographical Headings For geographic locations in U.S. and Canada, articles are indexed under the smallest geographic unit (usually a town or city). Only articles containing information relevant to conditions throughout a state or province will be listed under the name of that state or province; headings for states will also include cross-references directing the user to appropriate headings for localities. Personal Names Variant names and spellings. Many individuals whose names are listed in Svoboda use either variant names or variant spellings of the same name. For individuals whose names have a commonly accepted English spelling, the standard name or spelling has been used. Variant names and variant spellings are given in brackets when this may assist the researcher (cross-references directing the researcher to the correct listing are provided). For all other individuals with variant names or variant spellings of the same name, the transliteration of the most commonly used Ukrainian-language (or other Slavic-language) variant is given. Again, variant names and spellings are given in brackets, and cross-references to the correct listing are provided). Titles Literary works (essays, fiction, poetry, songs and translations) are listed under name of the author and under the title of the work. Only those titles which have a standard or commonly used English-language translation are given in English. All other titles are transliterated from Ukrainian (translations are not given): Cross-References Cross-references are used as guides from invalid headings (headings which do not appear in the index) to valid headings. They serve to guide the researcher from a variant spelling of a personal name to the correct listing for that name, and from a general geographic category (state or province) to a more specific category (city, town or county). Cross-references are also used as guides between related headings.
POLISH-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS YAKUBOVSKYI, L
IMMIGRATION LAW AND POLICY Abbreviations In addition to the abbreviations for months used in the citation code (see above), the following abbreviations are used in the index: ad - advertisement * Subject headings are alphabetized on a word-by-word basis, i.e. — each word is considered separately before going on to the next word: NEW YORK (BUFFALO) * Abbreviations are alphabetized according to the word they represent. Transliteration All transliteration from Cyrillic characters to Latin is done using a modified Library of Congress system, omitting all diacritical marks. A Note on Terminology The term "Rusyn" ("ruskyi") is used throughout Svoboda in its early years. This term was used by immigrants from Galicia, Bukovyna and Transcarpathia to describe themselves. Historically there has been some confusion and disagreement about the meaning of the term "Rusyn." In reference to religion, the term Rusyn (or Ruthenian) is used to denote the so-called "Uniates," or Byzantine-Rite Catholics. The overwhelming majority of immigrants from Galicia and Bukovyna, including the editors of Svoboda and the founders of the Ukrainian National Association (prior to 1914, the "Ruskyi Narodnyi Soiuz") identified "Rusyns" with the Ukrainians in the Tsarist Empire. While the term "Rusyn" was retained until 1914, it is clear that the editors of Svoboda considered themselves Ukrainian. Beginning with the very first issue (September 15, 1893), the masthead of Svoboda included a quote from the Ukrainian poet Shevchenko; the paper includes articles on events in and immigrants from Tsarist Ukraine; and as early as 1897 the hyphenated form "Rusko-Ukrainskyi" ("Rusyn-Ukrainian") is used. Immigrants from Transcarpathia (many of whom belonged to the UNA's rival organization, the Greek Catholic Union) rejected the equation "Rusyn = Ukrainian." Instead, they and their descendants considered theirs a separate identity, based on their Eastern Christian Rite and their common origins in Transcarpathia. Today, the descendants of those who emigrated from Transcarpathia during the period from 1880 to 1918 identify themselves as "Carpatho-Rusyn." While Svoboda focusses on Ukrainian immigrants, it includes information (much of it of a polemical nature) on Carpatho-Rusyns (often referred to in Svoboda as "Uhro-Rusyns"). Indeed, upon first arriving in the U.S., Ukrainians and Carpatho-Rusyns often lived in close proximity to one another; in some cases (prior to 1916) they attended the same churches. Wherever the paper specifically refers to immigrants from Transcarpathia, the index uses the term "Carpatho-Rusyn." In all other cases, the index reflects Svoboda's own editorial policy of equating "Rusyn" and "Ukrainian." |